Industrial Strength Sw

Users and developers are separate entities
Business is dependent on it
Bugs CANNOT be tolerated
User friendly User Interface
Documentation (for usage, maintenance, and further upgrading etc)
Reliability, Robustness, Portability etc very Important
Heavy investment
High Functionality
…

Productivity of 10-100 LOC / month per developer

Students’ Projects

Novice developers/users
Classroom or Small project
User Interface is not important, as it is to be used by him/herself
Documentation and testing not much cared – contains bugs
Reliability, Robustness, Portability are not important
No investment



Productivity of 2.5 to 5 KLOC/month per developer

Definition of E-Commerce:

Electronic Commerce means buying and selling of goods and services across the internet. An e-commerce site can be as simple as a catalog page with a phone no, or it can range all the way to a real time credit and processing site where customer can purchase downloadable goods and receive them on the spot.
In the face of new market system forces create due to globalization and mounting competition, we can no longer follow historical paths and seek status quo. Companies are discovering old solution do not work with new business problems. The business has changed and so have the risk and payoffs.

Electronic commerce is more than just buying and selling products online. Instead, it encompasses the entire online process of developing, marketing, selling, delivering, servicing, and paying for products and services purchased by internetworked, global marketplaces of customers, with the support of a worldwide network of business partners.

Electronic commerce systems rely on the resources of the Internet, intranets, extranets, and other computer networks. Electronic commerce can include:

• Interactive marketing, ordering, payment, and customer support processes at e-commerce sites on the World Wide Web
• Extranet access of inventory databases by customers and suppliers
• Intranet access of customer relationship management systems by sales and customer service reps
• Customer collaboration in product development via Internet newsgroups and e-mail exchanges.

Technologies necessary for E-Commerce:

Technologies that are necessary for electronic commerce include:

• Information technologies
• Telecommunications technologies
• Internet technologies

INTRODUCTION OF E-COMMERCE

Electronic commerce encompasses the entire online process of developing, marketing, selling, delivering, servicing, and paying for products and services. The Internet and related technologies and e-commerce websites on the World Wide Web and corporate intranets and extranets serve as the business and technology platform for E-commerce marketplaces for consumers and businesses in the basic categories of business-to-consumer (B2C), (C2C) e-commerce. The essential processes that should be implemented in all e-commerce applications – across control and security, personalizing and profiling, search management, content management, catalogue management, payment systems, workflow management, event notification, and collaboration and trading – are summarized in Figure 7. 5.

E-Business is the creation of new, and the redesigning of existing value chains and business processes through the application of information technology. Naturally, e-Business is more than e-commerce. It expands the scope of e-commerce to transform the company and the industry itself.

Electronic Commerce or e-commerce is the trade of products and services by means of the Internet or other computer networks. E-commerce follows the same basic principles as traditional commerce that is, buyers and sellers come together to swap commodities for money. But rather than conducting business in the traditional way in shopping stores or through mail order catalogs and telephone operators — in e-commerce buyers and sellers transact business over networked computers.
E-commerce offers buyers maximum convenience. They can visit the web sites of multiple vendors round the clock a day to compare prices and make purchases, without having to leave their homes or offices from around the globe. In some cases, consumers can immediately obtain a product or service, such as an electronic book, a music file, or computer software, by downloading it over the Internet.
For sellers, e-commerce offers a way to cut costs and expand their markets. They do not need to build, staff, or maintain a physical store or print and distribute mail order catalogs. Automated order tracking and billing systems cut additional labor costs, and if the product or service can be downloaded then e-commerce firms have no distribution costs involved. Because the products can be sold sell over the global Internet, sellers have the potential to market their products or services globally and are not limited by the physical location of a store. Internet technologies also permit sellers to track the interests and preferences of their customers with the customer’s permission and then use this information to build an ongoing relationship with the customer by customizing products and services to meet the customer’s needs.
E-Commerce is about setting your business on the Internet, allowing visitors to access your website, and go through a virtual catalog of your products / services online. When a visitor wants to buy something he/she likes, they merely, "add" it to their virtual shopping basket. Items in the virtual shopping basket can be added or deleted, and when you're all set to checkout...you head to the virtual checkout counter, which has your complete total, and will ask you for your name, address etc. and method of payment (usually via credit card). Once you have entered all this information (which by the way is being transmitted securely) you can then just wait for delivery. It’s that simple. According to a CNN Opinion Poll, 62% of respondents who were surveyed said they plan to shop online during the Christmas season. Newsweek devoted its front page story to "shopping.com" in its December 7, 1998 issue (Asian Edition). The title was "Why Online Stores are the Best Thing since Santa Claus".S
E-Commerce is not about just online stores, it’s about anything and everything to do with money. If you pay (via cash, check, credit card, etc.) E-Commerce is about to make an introduction into your life soon. Banks like Bank of America and Wells Fargo are now giving their clients accessibility to their bank accounts via the web. Soon enough, banks in Pakistan would be following suit. Days are not far away (yes in Pakistan!) when you would be able to order and reserve your request for a movie at the local video store (all online) be able to browse through various titles, etc. and if you are feeling hungry

Implementation of Stacks in Memory

We present a linked list method using dynamic memory allocation and pointers. The two structures needed to implement stacks are head structure and data node structure. We name them STACK and NODE, respectively. In C, they are defined as follows.

struct node
{
int data;
struct node *next;
};

struct stack
{
int count;
struct node *top;
}stack1;

These declarations will reserve required memory for the two structures, but no values are assigned to the members of the both structures. The following algorithm will initialize, that is, will assign values, the stack to an empty state, which can further be expanded or shrunk as the need arises. Situation before execution of algorithm,

Stack data Node

The rest of the data structure is a typical linked list data node. Although the application determines the data that are stored in the stack, the stack data node looks like any linked list node. In addition to the data, it contains a next pointer to other data nodes, making it a self-referential data structure